❀ Food Therapy & Herbs

Materia Medica for Diet Therapy: Shēngjiāng — Sage Medicine for Vomiting, Sage of Harmonizing the Center

*Shēngjiāng*, *gānjiāng*, and *páojiāng*: one thing, three uses; disperses cold, warms the center, checks vomiting, and resolves toxins — used daily and a hundred diseases vanish.

About 9 min

「Gānjiāng (dried ginger): flavor acrid, warm. Governs fullness in the chest, cough with counterflow qi ascent, warms the center, stops bleeding, induces sweating, expels wind-damp impediment, and treats chángbì dysentery. The fresh is especially good. Long-term consumption removes foul qi and frees the spirit. Grows in mountain valleys.」 (「干姜,味辛,温。主治胸满、咳逆上气,温中、止血,出汗,逐风湿痹,肠澼下利。生者尤良。久服去臭气,通神明。生川谷。」)

— Shénnóng Běncǎo Jīng · Middle Grade · Gānjiāng (《神农本草经·中品·干姜》) (reconstructed in the Běncǎo Gāngmù and Zhènglèi Běncǎo)

「Shēngjiāng (fresh ginger): flavor acrid, slightly warm. Governs cold-damage headache and nasal congestion, cough with counterflow qi ascent, and checks vomiting. Long-term consumption removes foul qi and frees the spirit.」 (「生姜,味辛,微温。主伤寒头痛鼻塞,咳逆上气,止呕吐。久服去臭气,通神明。」)

— Tao Hongjing, Míngyī Biélù · Middle Grade (《名医别录·中品》, Liang dynasty) (this text is a supplement to the Běnjīng’s gānjiāng entry)

「Shēngjiāng: acrid, warm. Enters the lung, spleen, and stomach three channels. Disperses wind-cold, warms the center, checks vomiting, transforms phlegm, and resolves toxins.」 (「生姜,辛,温。入肺、脾、胃三经。散风寒,温中,止呕,化痰,解毒。」)

— Wang Shixiong, Suíxī Jū Yǐnshí Pǔ · Class of Harmonizers (《随息居饮食谱·调和类》, Qing dynasty)

「Shēngjiāng is the sage medicine for vomiting and the sage substance of harmonizing the center.」 (「生姜,呕家之圣药,和中之圣品。」)

— A comprehensive appraisal by later physicians, drawing on Li Shizhen’s Běncǎo Gāngmù exposition of shēngjiāng (this saying is widely circulated, but Li Shizhen’s original text, in the “Li Shizhen says” paragraph of the shēngjiāng section, does not contain this exact four-character appraisal; in strict philological terms the source should be recognized as the later physicians’ encapsulation of Li Shizhen’s thought)

I. Nomenclature: Shēngjiāng, Gānjiāng, and Páojiāng

Shēngjiāng (shēngjiāng, fresh ginger) is the fresh rhizome of a perennial herbaceous plant of the ginger family, the ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.); when dried it becomes gānjiāng (dried ginger); when gānjiāng is roasted until black on the outside and yellow on the inside, it becomes páojiāng (charred ginger; páojiāng tàn).

Li Shizhen’s discrimination:

「Ginger: the tender young one, with slightly purple tips, is called zǐjiāng (purple ginger) or zǐjiāng (seed ginger); the old root is called mǔjiāng (mother ginger).」 (「姜,初生嫩者其尖微紫,名紫姜,或作子姜;宿根谓之母姜也。」) — Běncǎo Gāngmù · Section on Vegetables · Shēngjiāng

He also elaborates on the varieties of ginger:

  • Shēngjiāng: today’s fresh ginger; when young, “purple ginger” or “seed ginger”; when old, old ginger or mother ginger; both can be used in medicine and cooking.
  • Gānjiāng: shēngjiāng sun-dried; relatively warmer in nature, and its power of warming the center and dispersing cold is superior.
  • Páojiāng: gānjiāng roasted until the outside is black and the inside yellow; warms the channels and stops bleeding; used for deficiency-cold bleeding.
  • Wēijiāng (roasted ginger): shēngjiāng wrapped in paper and roasted until half-cooked; warm but not drying, harmonizes the center and checks vomiting.

Tao Hongjing’s Běncǎo Jīng Jí Zhù further states:

「Shēngjiāng and gānjiāng: the fresh governs harmonization, the dried governs dispersion.」 (「生姜、干姜,生者主和,干者主散。」)

II. Nature, Flavor, and Channel Entry: Acrid and Warm, Entering the Lung, Spleen, and Stomach

Source Nature Flavor Channel Entry Indications
Shénnóng Běncǎo Jīng (《神农本草经》) Warm Acrid — Gānjiāng: governs fullness in the chest, cough with counterflow qi ascent, warms the center, expels wind-damp impediment
Míngyī Biélù (《名医别录》) Slightly warm Acrid — Governs cold-damage headache and nasal congestion, cough with counterflow qi ascent, checks vomiting
Qiānjīn Shí Zhì (《千金食治》) Warm Acrid — Disperses cold, checks vomiting, eliminates phlegm and bears qi downward
Shíliáo Běncǎo (《食疗本草》) Warm Acrid — Checks counterflow, opens stomach qi, disperses wind-cold
Zhēnzhū Náng (Jin, Zhang Yuansu) (《珍珠囊》) Warm Acrid — Boosts the spleen and stomach, disperses wind-cold, frees the channels, scatters cold and releases the exterior, checks vomiting
Běncǎo Gāngmù (《本草纲目》) Slightly warm Acrid Enters the hand and foot taiyin, and yangming channels Disperses cold and releases the exterior, warms the center and checks vomiting, transforms phlegm and stops cough
Suíxī Jū Yǐnshí Pǔ (《随息居饮食谱》) Warm Acrid Enters lung, spleen, and stomach channels Disperses wind-cold, warms the center, checks vomiting, transforms phlegm, resolves toxins

Summary: Shēngjiāng is acrid in flavor and slightly warm in nature (gānjiāng is warm, páojiāng is hot); it enters the hand-taiyin lung, foot-taiyin spleen, and foot-yangming stomach channels, and concurrently enters the heart, lung, kidney, large intestine, and small intestine channels.

Zhang Yuansu, in his Yīxué Qǐyuán following the doctrine of the Zhēnzhū Náng, classified the channel entry of shēngjiāng using the “channel entry of medicinals” method:

「Shēngjiāng: acrid, warm; enters the lung, spleen, and stomach three channels.」 (「生姜,辛,温,入肺、脾、胃三经。**」)

III. Indications and Efficacy: Dispersing Cold, Checking Vomiting, Transforming Phlegm, Resolving Toxins

1. Releasing the Exterior and Dispersing Cold

Shēngjiāng, being acrid and warm and entering the lung, issues and disperses wind-cold, and releases the exterior and expels evil, making it an essential medicine for wind-cold common cold.

Tao Hongjing:

「Governs cold-damage headache and nasal congestion.」 (「主伤寒头痛鼻塞。」) — Míngyī Biélù

2. Warming the Center and Checking Vomiting — “Sage Medicine for Vomiting”

Shēngjiāng warms the stomach and disperses cold, and harmonizes the stomach and checks vomiting; it is the foremost essential medicine for treating vomiting.

Li Shizhen, citing earlier physicians:

「Shēngjiāng: the sage medicine for vomiting.」 (「生姜,呕家圣药。*」) — *Běncǎo Gāngmù · Section on Vegetables · Shēngjiāng

Sun Simiao’s Qiānjīn Yàofāng · Shí Zhì further elaborates the principle of shēngjiāng checking vomiting:

「Shēngjiāng: disperses wind-cold, warms the center and checks vomiting, transforms phlegm and stops cough.」 (「生姜,散风寒,温中止呕,化痰止咳。**」)

3. Warming the Lung and Stopping Cough

Tao Hongjing says that shēngjiāng “governs cough with counterflow qi ascent”; shēngjiāng warms the lung and disperses cold, and transforms phlegm and stops cough, treating cold-cough and cold-phlegm.

4. Resolving Toxins

Shēngjiāng resolves the toxins of bànxià, tiānnánxīng, fùzǐ, wūtóu, fish, and fungal-mushrooms; the ancient bencǎo record this quite often.

Sun Simiao’s Qiānjīn Yàofāng · Scroll 24 · On Resolving Toxins details the formulas of shēngjiāng resolving various toxins. The Běncǎo Gāngmù also records:

「Shēngjiāng: resolves the poison from eating wild fowl, resolves drug toxins, and resolves the toxins of fungi and mushrooms.」 (「生姜,解食野禽中毒,解药毒,解菌蕈毒。**」)

5. Warming the Center and Dispersing Cold; Fortifying the Spleen and Opening the Stomach

Zhang Yuansu:

「Shēngjiāng: boosts the spleen and stomach, disperses wind-cold.」 (「生姜,益脾胃,散风寒。*」) — *Zhēnzhū Náng

6. Freeing the Spirit and Removing Foul Qi

The Míngyī Biélù records that shēngjiāng “long-term consumption removes foul qi and frees the spirit”; here “frees the spirit” is not superstition; it refers to the meaning of “awakening the spirit and opening the orifices”, treating phlegm confounding the orifices of the heart, faintness, and dizziness, and the like.

IV. Textual Discrimination of Varieties: Shēngjiāng, Gānjiāng, Páojiāng, and Wēijiāng

Li Shizhen’s discussion is the most explicit:

「Shēngjiāng: acrid, warm, non-toxic. If heat is desired, remove the skin; if cold is desired, retain the skin. … Gānjiāng: warms the center and disperses cold, returns yang and frees the pulse. Páojiāng: warms the channels and stops bleeding. Wēijiāng: harmonizes the center and checks vomiting.」 (「生姜,辛,温,无毒。要热则去皮,要冷则留皮。……干姜,……温中散寒,回阳通脉。炮姜,温经止血。煨姜,和中止呕。*」) — *Běncǎo Gāngmù · Section on Vegetables · Shēngjiāng

1. Shēngjiāng (Fresh Ginger)

Disperses cold and releases the exterior, warms the center and checks vomiting; it is the daily-use substance.

2. Gānjiāng (Dried Ginger)

Warms the center and disperses cold, returns yang and frees the pulse; it is the essential medicine for center-deficiency cold and frigid extremities. Zhang Zhongjing’s Sìnì Tāng (Frigid Extremities Decoction) uses gānjiāng combined with fùzǐ, to return yang and rescue counterflow, treating yang-depletion on the verge of desertion.

3. Páojiāng (Charred Ginger; Páojiāng Tàn)

Warms the channels and stops bleeding, warms the center and stops pain; treats deficiency-cold bleeding (vomiting of blood, bloody stool, flooding and spotting) and postpartum abdominal pain.

4. Wēijiāng (Roasted Ginger)

Harmonizes the center and checks vomiting, warm but not drying; treats stomach-cold vomiting, and abdominal pain with diarrhea.

5. Ginger Skin (Jiāng Pí)

The outer skin of shēngjiāng, its nature is acrid and cool; it harmonizes the spleen and disinhibits water, treating water-swelling and distention-fullness.

V. Zhang Zhongjing’s Use of Ginger: The Foremost Substance of the Jīngfāng (Classical Formulas)

In Zhang Zhongjing’s Shānghán Lùn and Jīnkuì Yàolüè, ginger is the most frequently used substance; a rough count shows that more than half of the formulas employ ginger, and those using gānjiāng also number in the dozens.

1. Formulas Employing Shēngjiāng (Shānghán Lùn and Jīnkuì Yàolüè)

Formula Source Composition Indications
Guìzhī Tāng (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) Shānghán Lùn guìzhī, sháoyào, gāncǎo, shēngjiāng, dàzǎo Wind-cold exterior-deficiency pattern, sweating with aversion to wind
Xiǎo Cháihú Tāng (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) Shānghán Lùn cháihú, huángqín, rénshēn, bànxià, gāncǎo, shēngjiāng, dàzǎo Shaoyang disease, with alternating cold and heat
Shēngjiāng Xièxīn Tāng (Fresh-Ginger Heart-Draining Decoction) Shānghán Lùn shēngjiāng, gāncǎo, rénshēn, gānjiāng, huángqín, bànxià, huánglián, dàzǎo Water-heat binding together, hardening and fullness below the heart, dry belching and fetid food odor
Xiǎo Bànxià Tāng (Minor Pinellia Decoction) Jīnkuì Yàolüè bànxià, shēngjiāng Phlegm-damp vomiting
Dāngguī Shēngjiāng Yángròu Tāng (Chinese Angelica, Fresh Ginger, and Mutton Decoction) Jīnkuì Yàolüè dāngguī, shēngjiāng, yángròu Deficiency-cold abdominal pain, postpartum abdominal pain
Wēnjīng Tāng (Channel-Warming Decoction) Jīnkuì Yàolüè wúzhūyú, dāngguī, sháoyào, chuānxiōng, rénshēn, guìzhī, ējiāo, mǔdānpí, shēngjiāng, gāncǎo, bànxià, màidōng Penetrating vessel and conception vessel deficiency-cold, static blood obstruction

Zhang Zhongjing’s use of shēngjiāng has roughly three meanings:

  1. Dispersing cold: combined with guìzhī, máhuáng, and xìxīn, to issue and disperse wind-cold.
  2. Checking vomiting: combined with bànxià and wúzhūyú, to harmonize the stomach and check vomiting.
  3. Harmonizing: combined with dàzǎo and gāncǎo, to harmonize the constructive and defensive, and harmonize the spleen and stomach.

2. Formulas Employing Gānjiāng

Formula Source Composition Indications
Sìnì Tāng (Frigid Extremities Decoction) Shānghán Lùn § 323 fùzǐ one piece (raw), gānjiāng one and a half liǎng, honey-fried gāncǎo two liǎng Shaoyin disease, frigid extremities, pulse faint on the verge of expiry
Lǐzhōng Tāng (Wán) (Center-Regulating Decoction [Pill]) Shānghán Lùn § 386 rénshēn, gānjiāng, honey-fried gāncǎo, báizhú (each three liǎng) Center-deficiency cold, abdominal pain, vomiting and dysentery
Tōngmài Sìnì Tāng (Pulse-Freeing Frigid-Extremities Decoction) Shānghán Lùn § 317 fùzǐ one large piece, gānjiāng three liǎng (four liǎng in robust persons), honey-fried gāncǎo two liǎng Shaoyin disease, yin-exuberance repelling yang
Shènzhuó Tāng (Gān Jiāng Líng Zhú Tāng) (Kidney-Burden Decoction; Glycyrrhiza, Dried Ginger, Poria, and Atractylodes Decoction) Jīnkuì Yàolüè gāncǎo two liǎng, gānjiāng four liǎng, fúlíng four liǎng, báizhú two liǎng Kidney-burden, heavy body, cold and painful lumbar region
Dà Jiànzhōng Tāng (Major Center-Strengthening Decoction) Jīnkuì Yàolüè shǔjiāo two hé, gānjiāng four liǎng, rénshēn two liǎng, yítáng one shēng Center-deficiency cold, cold-pain in the abdomen

Special note: Zhang Zhongjing’s Lǐzhōng Tāng originally uses gānjiāng, not shēngjiāng. Gānjiāng warms the center and abides; combined with rénshēn, báizhú, and gāncǎo, it forms a formula of warming the center and dispelling cold, fortifying the spleen and drying dampness; its indications are the vomiting, dysentery, pain, and fullness of center-deficiency cold. Zhang Zhongjing uses “shēngjiāng” in formulas for harmonizing the stomach and checking vomiting, and releasing the exterior and expelling evil (as in Guìzhī Tāng and Xiǎo Bànxià Tāng); and “gānjiāng” in formulas for warming the center and dispersing cold, and returning yang and rescuing counterflow (as in Lǐzhōng Tāng and Sìnì Tāng). The two have distinct functions and must not be confused.

Zhang Zhongjing’s use of gānjiāng has warming the center as its first meaning, and returning yang as the second; he further combined gānjiāng with fùzǐ, holding that “fùzǐ is not hot without jiāng”, and this is the unsurpassed method for returning yang and rescuing counterflow.

VI. Dietary Applications

1. Fresh-Ginger and Brown-Sugar Water

Three slices of shēngjiāng and one spoonful of brown sugar are boiled and taken to treat the early stage of wind-cold common cold, stomach-cold abdominal pain, and menstrual exposure to cold with dark purple menstrual flow.

2. Fresh-Ginger and Scallion-White Decoction

Three slices of shēngjiāng and three stalks of **cōngbái (white part of scallion) are boiled and taken; this is a variant of the “Cōng Chǐ Tāng” (Scallion and Fermented-Soybean Decoction) from Ge Hong’s Zhǒuhòu Bèijí Fāng, treating wind-cold common cold, with aversion to cold, fever, and absence of sweating.

3. Wēijiāng (Roasted Ginger) Porridge

Three slices of wēijiāng (shēngjiāng wrapped in paper and roasted), are cooked into jīngmǐ porridge and taken to treat stomach-cold vomiting, and abdominal pain with diarrhea.

4. Chinese Angelica, Fresh Ginger, and Mutton Decoction

Dāngguī three liǎng, shēngjiāng five liǎng, and yángròu (mutton) one jīn, treats deficiency-cold abdominal pain, postpartum abdominal pain, and cold hernia. The original formula is from the Jīnkuì Yàolüè, and is a fine item for winter-season supplementation in later practice.

5. Ginger-and-Jujube Beverage

Three slices of shēngjiāng and five pieces of dàzǎo (jujube) are boiled and taken; this warms the center and disperses cold, and harmonizes the spleen and stomach, treating spleen-stomach deficiency-cold, with reduced intake and loose stools.

6. Ginger Juice

Shēngjiāng is pounded to extract juice, a small amount of honey (mì) is added dropwise, and it is taken warm, treating cold-cough, cold-phlegm, and itchy-throat cough.

7. Gānjiāng (Dried-Ginger) Porridge

Gānjiāng one qian and jīngmǐ one liǎng are cooked into porridge and taken, treating center-deficiency cold, cold-pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, and lack of warmth in the four limbs.

VII. Dietary Prohibitions and Contraindications

The prohibitions for shēngjiāng recorded in the various bencǎo are as follows:

  1. Those with yin-deficiency and internal heat should use caution: The Běncǎo Gāngmù, in the shēngjiāng section, has the statement “yin-deficiency with internal heat, and various diseases arising therefrom, are all unsuitable for its use”. Those with yin-deficiency and effulgent fire, exuberant internal heat, lung-heat cough, and stomach-heat vomiting and counterflow should not eat it in large amounts.

  2. Long-term consumption damages heart-qi; those with eye diseases should use caution: The Qiānjīn Yàofāng · Shí Zhì records that shēngjiāng “long-term consumption diminishes will and damages heart-qi”; popular tradition likewise has the saying “eating shēngjiāng at night causes the eyes to swell”. Therefore, those with yin-deficiency and red eyes, and those with heart-qi depletion, should use caution.

  3. Pregnant women should use caution with gānjiāng: Gānjiāng is hot in nature, and pregnant women should use caution; páojiāng tàn is even more so. A small amount of shēngjiāng to harmonize the stomach and check vomiting is unproblematic, but excessive use will assist fire and disturb the fetus, and should likewise be used with caution.

  4. Eat less in summer, moderately in winter: The ancients had the proverb “in winter eat radish, in summer eat ginger”; the medical principle is: in summer one eats more raw and cold food and covets coolness, and the spleen’s yang is easily checked by cold beverages; in the morning, chewing a few slices of jiāng warms the spleen and disperses cold, and assists transportation and transformation; this accords with the principle of “nurturing in summer”. Therefore, eating ginger is not forbidden in summer; rather, it is suitable in the morning, and those with spleen-deficiency and cold-damp should eat it in larger amounts; in autumn and winter, one should determine by constitution, and even in winter those with yin-deficiency and internal heat should not eat it in large amounts. This saying originates in folk wisdom, is not recorded in the bencǎo, and is offered only for consideration.

  5. Should not be combined with: The Léigōng Yàoduì (the “Drug-Pairings” attributed to Master Lei), as quoted by the Běncǎo Gāngmù, records “shēngjiāng avoids huángqín, huánglián, and tiānshǔfèn (bat droppings)”; this is a compatibility prohibition (“mutual aversion” means that combined use weakens efficacy), not an ordinary dietary prohibition.

  6. Rotten shēngjiāng must not be eaten: Li Shizhen:

    「Rotten jiāng, if eaten, harms people, rotting the liver and damaging the spleen.」 (「腐姜,食之害人,烂肝损脾。」)

    Ginger that has rotted produces harmful substances such as safrole (huángshāngsù); modern pharmacological research has also confirmed its hepatotoxicity; therefore, it must not be eaten.

VIII. Summary of the Bencǎo Schools

Dynasty Author Source Core View
Han Attributed Shénnóng Běncǎo Jīng · Middle Grade (《神农本草经·中品》) Gānjiāng governs fullness in the chest, cough and counterflow, warms the center; the fresh is especially good
Liang Tao Hongjing Míngyī Biélù · Middle Grade (《名医别录·中品》) Shēngjiāng governs cold-damage headache, cough and counterflow, checks vomiting
Liang Tao Hongjing Běncǎo Jīng Jí Zhù (《本草经集注》) The fresh governs harmonization, the dried governs dispersion
Tang Sun Simiao Qiānjīn Yàofāng · Shí Zhì (《千金要方·食治》) Disperses cold, checks vomiting, eliminates phlegm and bears qi downward
Tang Meng Shen Shíliáo Běncǎo (《食疗本草》) Checks counterflow, opens stomach qi, disperses wind-cold
Five Dynasties Rihuazi Rìhuázǐ Běncǎo (《日华子本草》) Treats cramp, heart-fullness, opens the stomach
Jin Zhang Yuansu Yīxué Qǐyuán · On Methods of Drug Use (《医学启源·用药法象》), following the Zhēnzhū Náng Boosts the spleen and stomach, disperses wind-cold, frees the channels, scatters cold and releases the exterior
Yuan Husihui Yǐnshàn Zhèngyào · Spices (《饮膳正要·料物》) Flavoring; warms the center
Ming Li Shizhen Běncǎo Gāngmù · Section on Vegetables · Shēngjiāng (《本草纲目·菜部·生姜》) Sage medicine for vomiting, sage of harmonizing the center
Ming Ning Yuan Shíjiàn Běncǎo · Class of Vegetables (《食鉴本草·菜类》) Warms the center, checks vomiting, disperses cold
Ming Gong Tingxian Shòushì Bǎoyuán · On Diet (《寿世保元·饮食》) Warms the stomach and disperses cold; ginger-and-jujube tea is a daily drink
Qing Wang Shixiong Suíxī Jū Yǐnshí Pǔ · Class of Harmonizers (《随息居饮食谱·调和类》) Disperses wind-cold, warms the center, checks vomiting, transforms phlegm, resolves toxins
Qing Huang Gongxiu Běncǎo Qiúzhēn · Section on Vegetables · Shēngjiāng (《本草求真·菜部·生姜》) Treats the exterior and treats the interior, nothing it does not heal

IX. Conclusion

Shēngjiāng — acrid and warm, entering the lung, spleen, and stomach, sage medicine for vomiting, sage of harmonizing the center.

Its nature is one of “moving and not abiding”; it disperses cold, checks vomiting, transforms phlegm, resolves toxins, warms the center, and fortifies the spleen; used daily and a hundred diseases vanish.

Zhang Zhongjing’s use of ginger is endlessly varied:

  • Guìzhī Tāng borrows its power to harmonize the constructive and defensive;
  • Sìnì Tāng borrows gānjiāng to return yang;
  • Lǐzhōng Tāng borrows gānjiāng to warm the center;
  • Xiǎo Bànxià Tāng borrows shēngjiāng to check vomiting;
  • Dāngguī Shēngjiāng Yángròu Tāng borrows shēngjiāng to warm the channels and disperse cold.

Li Shizhen’s words are most incisive:

「Shēngjiāng: consumes the various fishy and muttony odors; resolves the various toxins; harmonizes the hundred medicines; frees the spirit; checks vomiting; transforms phlegm-damp; averts fog and dew; treats wind-stroke; and resolves the toxins of fungi and various other things.」 (「生姜,啖诸腥膻,解诸毒,和百药,通神明,止呕吐,化痰饮,辟雾露,疗中风,解菌蕈诸物之毒。**」)

Three slices of ginger in the morning — warm the stomach and disperse cold, securing health.

Bibliography (Historical Classics)

  1. Han · Attributed, Shénnóng Běncǎo Jīng · Middle Grade (《神农本草经·中品》, on gānjiāng; reconstructed in the Běncǎo Gāngmù and Zhènglèi Běncǎo)
  2. Liang · Tao Hongjing, Míngyī Biélù · Middle Grade (《名医别录·中品》, on shēngjiāng)
  3. Liang · Tao Hongjing, Běncǎo Jīng Jí Zhù · Gānjiāng (《本草经集注·干姜》)
  4. Tang · Sun Simiao, Bèijí Qiānjīn Yàofāng · Scroll 26 · Shí Zhì · Shēngjiāng (《备急千金要方·卷二十六·食治·生姜》)
  5. Tang · Meng Shen, Shíliáo Běncǎo · Shēngjiāng (《食疗本草·生姜》)
  6. Tang · Sun Simiao, Qiānjīn Yìfāng · Scroll 19 · Miscellaneous Diseases (《千金翼方·卷十九·杂病》)
  7. Five Dynasties · Rihuazi, Rìhuázǐ Běncǎo · Shēngjiāng (《日华子本草·生姜》)
  8. Song · Tang Shenwei, Zhènglèi Běncǎo · Gānjiāng and Shēngjiāng (《证类本草·干姜·生姜》)
  9. Jin · Zhang Yuansu, Yīxué Qǐyuán · On Methods of Drug Use (《医学启源·用药法象》, following the Zhēnzhū Náng)
  10. Yuan · Husihui, Yǐnshàn Zhèngyào · Scroll 3 · Nature and Flavor of Spices (《饮膳正要·卷三·料物性味》)
  11. Yuan · Jia Ming, Yǐnshí Xūzhī · Class of Vegetables (《饮食须知·菜类》)
  12. Ming · Li Shizhen, Běncǎo Gāngmù · Section on Vegetables · Shēngjiāng (《本草纲目·菜部·生姜》)
  13. Ming · Ning Yuan, Shíjiàn Běncǎo · Class of Vegetables (《食鉴本草·菜类》)
  14. Ming · Gao Lian, Zūnshēng Bājiān · Chapter on Beverages, Food, and Clothing (《遵生八笺·饮馔服食笺》)
  15. Ming · Gong Tingxian, Shòushì Bǎoyuán · On Diet (《寿世保元·饮食》)
  16. Qing · Wang Shixiong, Suíxī Jū Yǐnshí Pǔ · Class of Harmonizers (《随息居饮食谱·调和类》)
  17. Qing · Huang Gongxiu, Běncǎo Qiúzhēn · Section on Vegetables · Shēngjiāng (《本草求真·菜部·生姜》)
  18. Qing · Yan Jie et al., Dépèi Běncǎo · Section on Vegetables (《得配本草·菜部》)
  19. Han · Zhang Zhongjing, Shānghán Lùn and Jīnkuì Yàolüè (《伤寒论》《金匮要略》, the original jīngfāng texts)
  20. Jin · Ge Hong, Zhǒuhòu Bèijí Fāng (《肘后备急方》, the original Cōng Chǐ Tāng)

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